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8.6.1. Using CMake with LAMMPS

The support for building LAMMPS with CMake is a recent addition to LAMMPS thanks to the efforts of Christoph Junghans (LANL) and Richard Berger (LANL). One of the key strengths of CMake is that it is not tied to a specific platform or build system. Instead it generates the files necessary to build and develop for different build systems and on different platforms. Note, that this applies to the build system itself not the LAMMPS code. In other words, without additional porting effort, it is not possible - for example - to compile LAMMPS with Visual C++ on Windows. The build system output can also include support files necessary to program LAMMPS as a project in integrated development environments (IDE) like Eclipse, Visual Studio, QtCreator, Xcode, CodeBlocks, Kate and others.

A second important feature of CMake is that it can detect and validate available libraries, optimal settings, available support tools and so on, so that by default LAMMPS will take advantage of available tools without requiring to provide the details about how to enable/integrate them.

The downside of this approach is, that there is some complexity associated with running CMake itself and how to customize the building of LAMMPS. This tutorial will show how to manage this through some selected examples. Please see the chapter about building LAMMPS for descriptions of specific flags and options for LAMMPS in general and for specific packages.

CMake can be used through either the command-line interface (CLI) program cmake (or cmake3), a text mode interactive user interface (TUI) program ccmake (or ccmake3), or a graphical user interface (GUI) program cmake-gui. All of them are portable software available on all supported platforms and can be used interchangeably. As of LAMMPS version 2 August 2023, the minimum required CMake version is 3.16.

All details about features and settings for CMake are in the CMake online documentation. We focus below on the most important aspects with respect to compiling LAMMPS.

Prerequisites

This tutorial assumes that you are operating in a command-line environment using a shell like Bash or Zsh.

• Linux: any Terminal window will work or text console

• macOS: launch the Terminal application

• Windows 10 or 11: install and run the Windows Subsystem for Linux

• other Unix-like operating systems like FreeBSD

Note

It is also possible to use CMake on Windows 10 or 11 through either the Microsoft Visual Studio IDE with the bundled CMake or from the Windows command prompt using a separately installed CMake package, both using the native Microsoft Visual C++ compilers and (optionally) the Microsoft MPI SDK. This tutorial, however, only covers unix-like command line interfaces.

We also assume that you have downloaded and unpacked a recent LAMMPS source code package or used Git to create a clone of the LAMMPS sources on your compilation machine.

You should change into the top level directory of the LAMMPS source tree all paths mentioned in the tutorial are relative to that. Immediately after downloading it should look like this:

$ ls
bench  doc       lib      potentials  README  tools
cmake  examples  LICENSE  python      src

Build versus source directory

When using CMake the build procedure is separated into multiple distinct phases:

1. Configuration: detect or define which features and settings should be enable and used and how LAMMPS should be compiled

2. Compilation: generate and compile all necessary source files and build libraries and executables.

3. Installation: copy selected files from the compilation into your file system, so they can be used without having to keep the source and build tree around.

The configuration and compilation of LAMMPS has to happen in a dedicated build directory which must be different from the source directory. Also the source directory (src) must remain pristine, so it is not allowed to “install” packages using the traditional make process and after an compilation attempt all created source files must be removed. This can be achieved with make no-all purge.

You can pick any folder outside the source tree. We recommend to create a folder build in the top-level directory, or multiple folders in case you want to have separate builds of LAMMPS with different options (build-parallel, build-serial) or with different compilers (build-gnu, build-clang, build-intel) and so on. All the auxiliary files created by one build process (executable, object files, log files, etc) are stored in this directory or subdirectories within it that CMake creates.

Running CMake

CLI version

In the (empty) build directory, we now run the command cmake ../cmake, which will start the configuration phase and you will see the progress of the configuration printed to the screen followed by a summary of the enabled features, options and compiler settings. A typical summary screen will look like this:

$ cmake ../cmake/
-- The CXX compiler identification is GNU 8.2.0
-- Check for working CXX compiler: /opt/tools/gcc-8.2.0/bin/c++
-- Check for working CXX compiler: /opt/tools/gcc-8.2.0/bin/c++ - works
-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info
-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done
-- Detecting CXX compile features
-- Detecting CXX compile features - done
-- Found Git: /usr/bin/git (found version "2.25.2")
-- Running check for auto-generated files from make-based build system
-- Found MPI_CXX: /usr/lib64/mpich/lib/libmpicxx.so (found version "3.1")
-- Found MPI: TRUE (found version "3.1")
-- Looking for C++ include omp.h
-- Looking for C++ include omp.h - found
-- Found OpenMP_CXX: -fopenmp (found version "4.5")
-- Found OpenMP: TRUE (found version "4.5")
-- Found JPEG: /usr/lib64/libjpeg.so (found version "62")
-- Found PNG: /usr/lib64/libpng.so (found version "1.6.37")
-- Found ZLIB: /usr/lib64/libz.so (found version "1.2.11")
-- Found GZIP: /usr/bin/gzip
-- Found FFMPEG: /usr/bin/ffmpeg
-- Performing Test COMPILER_SUPPORTS-ffast-math
-- Performing Test COMPILER_SUPPORTS-ffast-math - Success
-- Performing Test COMPILER_SUPPORTS-march=native
-- Performing Test COMPILER_SUPPORTS-march=native - Success
-- Looking for C++ include cmath
-- Looking for C++ include cmath - found
-- Generating style_angle.h...
[...]
-- Generating lmpinstalledpkgs.h...
-- The following tools and libraries have been found and configured:
 * Git
 * MPI
 * OpenMP
 * JPEG
 * PNG
 * ZLIB

-- <<< Build configuration >>>
   Build type:       RelWithDebInfo
   Install path:     /home/akohlmey/.local
   Generator:        Unix Makefiles using /usr/bin/gmake
-- <<< Compilers and Flags: >>>
-- C++ Compiler:     /opt/tools/gcc-8.2.0/bin/c++
      Type:          GNU
      Version:       8.2.0
      C++ Flags:     -O2 -g -DNDEBUG
      Defines:       LAMMPS_SMALLBIG;LAMMPS_MEMALIGN=64;LAMMPS_JPEG;LAMMPS_PNG;LAMMPS_GZIP;LAMMPS_FFMPEG
      Options:       -ffast-math;-march=native
-- <<< Linker flags: >>>
-- Executable name:  lmp
-- Static library flags:
-- <<< MPI flags >>>
-- MPI includes:     /usr/include/mpich-x86_64
-- MPI libraries:    /usr/lib64/mpich/lib/libmpicxx.so;/usr/lib64/mpich/lib/libmpi.so;
-- Configuring done
-- Generating done
-- Build files have been written to: /home/akohlmey/compile/lammps/build

The cmake command has one mandatory argument, and that is a folder with either the file CMakeLists.txt or CMakeCache.txt. The CMakeCache.txt file is created during the CMake configuration run and contains all active settings, thus after a first run of CMake all future runs in the build folder can use the folder . and CMake will know where to find the CMake scripts and reload the settings from the previous step. This means, that one can modify an existing configuration by re-running CMake, but only needs to provide flags indicating the desired change, everything else will be retained. One can also mix compilation and configuration, i.e. start with a minimal configuration and then, if needed, enable additional features and recompile.

The steps above will NOT compile the code. The compilation can be started in a portable fashion with cmake --build ., or you use the selected built tool, e.g. make.

TUI version

For the text mode UI CMake program the basic principle is the same. You start the command ccmake ../cmake in the build folder.

Initial ccmake screen

Configure output of ccmake

Options screen of ccmake

This will show you the initial screen (left image) with the empty configuration cache. Now you type the ‘c’ key to run the configuration step. That will do a first configuration run and show the summary (center image). You exit the summary screen with ‘e’ and see now the main screen with detected options and settings. You can now make changes by moving and down with the arrow keys of the keyboard and modify entries. For on/off settings, the enter key will toggle the state. For others, hitting enter will allow you to modify the value and you commit the change by hitting the enter key again or cancel using the escape key. All “new” settings will be marked with a star ‘*’ and for as long as one setting is marked like this, you have to re-run the configuration by hitting the ‘c’ key again, sometimes multiple times unless the TUI shows the word “generate” next to the letter ‘g’ and by hitting the ‘g’ key the build files will be written to the folder and the TUI exits. You can quit without generating build files by hitting ‘q’.

GUI version

For the graphical CMake program the steps are similar to the TUI version. You can type the command cmake-gui ../cmake in the build folder. In this case the path to the CMake script folder is not required, it can also be entered from the GUI.

Initial cmake-gui screen

Generator selection in cmake-gui

Options screen of cmake-gui

Again, you start with an empty configuration cache (left image) and need to start the configuration step. For the very first configuration in a folder, you will have a pop-up dialog (center image) asking to select the desired build tool and some configuration settings (stick with the default) and then you get the option screen with all new settings highlighted in red. You can modify them (or not) and click on the “configure” button again until satisfied and click on the “generate” button to write out the build files. You can exit the GUI from the “File” menu or hit “ctrl-q”.

Setting options

Options that enable, disable or modify settings are modified by setting the value of CMake variables. This is done on the command line with the -D flag in the format -D VARIABLE=value, e.g. -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release or -D BUILD_MPI=on. There is one quirk: when used before the CMake directory, there may be a space between the -D flag and the variable, after it must not be. Such CMake variables can have boolean values (on/off, yes/no, or 1/0 are all valid) or are strings representing a choice, or a path, or are free format. If the string would contain whitespace, it must be put in quotes, for example -D CMAKE_TUNE_FLAGS="-ftree-vectorize -ffast-math".

CMake variables fall into two categories: 1) common CMake variables that are used by default for any CMake configuration setup and 2) project specific variables, i.e. settings that are specific for LAMMPS. Also CMake variables can be flagged as advanced, which means they are not shown in the text mode or graphical CMake program in the overview of all settings by default, but only when explicitly requested (by hitting the ‘t’ key or clicking on the ‘Advanced’ check-box).

Some common CMake variables

Variable	Description
CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX	root directory of install location for make install (default: $HOME/.local)
LAMMPS_INSTALL_RPATH	set or remove runtime path setting from binaries for make install (default: off)
CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE	controls compilation options: one of RelWithDebInfo (default), Release, Debug, MinSizeRel
BUILD_SHARED_LIBS	if set to on build the LAMMPS library as shared library (default: off)
CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM	name/path of the compilation command (default depends on -G option, usually make)
CMAKE_VERBOSE_MAKEFILE	if set to on echo commands while executing during build (default: off)
CMAKE_C_COMPILER	C compiler to be used for compilation (default: system specific, gcc on Linux)
CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER	C++ compiler to be used for compilation (default: system specific, g++ on Linux)
CMAKE_Fortran_COMPILER	Fortran compiler to be used for compilation (default: system specific, gfortran on Linux)
CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER	tool to launch the C++ compiler, e.g. ccache or distcc for faster compilation (default: empty)

Some common LAMMPS specific variables

Variable	Description
BUILD_MPI	build LAMMPS with MPI support (default: on if a working MPI available, else off)
BUILD_OMP	build LAMMPS with OpenMP support (default: on if compiler supports OpenMP fully, else off)
BUILD_TOOLS	compile some additional executables from the tools folder (default: off)
BUILD_DOC	include building the HTML format documentation for packaging/installing (default: off)
CMAKE_TUNE_FLAGS	common compiler flags, for optimization or instrumentation (default:)
LAMMPS_MACHINE	when set to name the LAMMPS executable and library will be called lmp_name and liblammps_name.a
FFT	select which FFT library to use: FFTW3, MKL, KISS (default, unless FFTW3 is found)
FFT_KOKKOS	select which FFT library to use in Kokkos-enabled styles: FFTW3, MKL, HIPFFT, CUFFT, MKL_GPU, KISS (default)
FFT_SINGLE	select whether to use single precision FFTs (default: off)
WITH_JPEG	whether to support JPEG format in dump image (default: on if found)
WITH_PNG	whether to support PNG format in dump image (default: on if found)
WITH_GZIP	whether to support reading and writing compressed files (default: on if found)
WITH_FFMPEG	whether to support generating movies with dump movie (default: on if found)

Enabling or disabling LAMMPS packages

The LAMMPS software is organized into a common core that is always included and a large number of add-on packages that have to be enabled to be included into a LAMMPS executable. Packages are enabled through setting variables of the kind PKG_<NAME> to on and disabled by setting them to off (or using yes, no, 1, 0 correspondingly). <NAME> has to be replaced by the name of the package, e.g. MOLECULE or EXTRA-PAIR.

Using presets

Since LAMMPS has a lot of optional features and packages, specifying them all on the command line can be tedious. Or when selecting a different compiler toolchain, multiple options have to be changed consistently and that is rather error prone. Or when enabling certain packages, they require consistent settings to be operated in a particular mode. For this purpose, we are providing a selection of “preset files” for CMake in the folder cmake/presets. They represent a way to pre-load or override the CMake configuration cache by setting or changing CMake variables. Preset files are loaded using the -C command line flag. You can combine loading multiple preset files or change some variables later with additional -D flags. A few examples:

cmake -C ../cmake/presets/basic.cmake -D PKG_MISC=on ../cmake
cmake -C ../cmake/presets/clang.cmake -C ../cmake/presets/most.cmake ../cmake
cmake -C ../cmake/presets/basic.cmake -D BUILD_MPI=off ../cmake

The first command will install the packages KSPACE, MANYBODY, MOLECULE, RIGID and MISC; the first four from the preset file and the fifth from the explicit variable definition. The second command will first switch the compiler toolchain to use the Clang compilers and install a large number of packages that are not depending on any special external libraries or tools and are not very unusual. The third command will enable the first four packages like above and then enforce compiling LAMMPS as a serial program (using the MPI STUBS library).

It is also possible to do this incrementally.

cmake -C ../cmake/presets/basic.cmake ../cmake
cmake -D PKG_MISC=on .

will achieve the same final configuration as in the first example above. In this scenario it is particularly convenient to do the second configuration step using either the text mode or graphical user interface (ccmake or cmake-gui).

Note

Using a preset to select a compiler package (clang.cmake, gcc.cmake, intel.cmake, oneapi.cmake, or pgi.cmake) are an exception to the mechanism of updating the configuration incrementally, as they will trigger a reset of cached internal CMake settings and thus reset settings to their default values.

Compilation and build targets

The actual compilation will be started by running the selected build command (on Linux this is by default make, see below how to select alternatives). You can also use the portable command cmake --build . which will adapt to whatever the selected build command is. This is particularly convenient, if you have set a custom build command via the CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM variable.

When calling the build program, you can also select which “target” is to be build through appending the --target flag and the name of the target to the build command. When using make as build tool, you can just append the target name to the command. Example: cmake --build . --target all or make all. The following abstract targets are available:

Target	Description
all	build “everything” (default)
lammps	build the LAMMPS library and executable
doc	build the HTML documentation (if configured)
install	install all target files into folders in CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX
test	run some tests (if configured with -D ENABLE_TESTING=on)
clean	remove all generated files

Choosing generators

While CMake usually defaults to creating makefiles to compile software with the make program, it supports multiple alternate build tools (e.g. ninja-build which tends to be faster and more efficient in parallelizing builds than make) and can generate project files for integrated development environments (IDEs) like VisualStudio, Eclipse or CodeBlocks. This is specific to how the local CMake version was configured and compiled. The list of available options can be seen at the end of the output of cmake --help. Example on Fedora 31 this is:

Generators

The following generators are available on this platform (* marks default):
* Unix Makefiles               = Generates standard UNIX makefiles.
  Green Hills MULTI            = Generates Green Hills MULTI files
                                 (experimental, work-in-progress).
  Ninja                        = Generates build.ninja files.
  Ninja Multi-Config           = Generates build-<Config>.ninja files.
  Watcom WMake                 = Generates Watcom WMake makefiles.
  CodeBlocks - Ninja           = Generates CodeBlocks project files.
  CodeBlocks - Unix Makefiles  = Generates CodeBlocks project files.
  CodeLite - Ninja             = Generates CodeLite project files.
  CodeLite - Unix Makefiles    = Generates CodeLite project files.
  Sublime Text 2 - Ninja       = Generates Sublime Text 2 project files.
  Sublime Text 2 - Unix Makefiles
                               = Generates Sublime Text 2 project files.
  Kate - Ninja                 = Generates Kate project files.
  Kate - Unix Makefiles        = Generates Kate project files.
  Eclipse CDT4 - Ninja         = Generates Eclipse CDT 4.0 project files.
  Eclipse CDT4 - Unix Makefiles= Generates Eclipse CDT 4.0 project files.

Below is a screenshot of using the CodeBlocks IDE with the ninja build tool after running CMake as follows:

cmake -G 'CodeBlocks - Ninja' ../cmake/presets/most.cmake ../cmake/