4.13. Utility functions¶

The utils sub-namespace inside the LAMMPS_NS namespace provides a collection of convenience functions and utilities that perform common tasks that are required repeatedly throughout the LAMMPS code like reading or writing to files with error checking or translation of strings into specific types of numbers with checking for validity. This reduces redundant implementations and encourages consistent behavior and thus has some overlap with the “platform” sub-namespace.

4.13.1. I/O with status check and similar functions¶

The the first two functions are wrappers around the corresponding C library calls fgets() or fread(). They will check if there were errors on reading or an unexpected end-of-file state was reached. In that case, the functions will stop with an error message, indicating the name of the problematic file, if possible unless the error argument is a NULL pointer.

The utils::fgets_trunc() function will work similar for fgets() but it will read in a whole line (i.e. until the end of line or end of file), but store only as many characters as will fit into the buffer including a final newline character and the terminating NULL byte. If the line in the file is longer it will thus be truncated in the buffer. This function is used by utils::read_lines_from_file() to read individual lines but make certain they follow the size constraints.

The utils::read_lines_from_file() function will read the requested number of lines of a maximum length into a buffer and will return 0 if successful or 1 if not. It also guarantees that all lines are terminated with a newline character and the entire buffer with a NULL character.

void LAMMPS_NS::utils::sfgets(const char *srcname, int srcline, char *s, int size, FILE *fp, const char *filename, Error *error)¶

Safe wrapper around fgets() which aborts on errors or EOF and prints a suitable error message to help debugging.

Use nullptr as the error parameter to avoid the abort on EOF or error.

Parameters

srcname – name of the calling source file (from FLERR macro)
srcline – line in the calling source file (from FLERR macro)
s – buffer for storing the result of fgets()
size – size of buffer s (max number of bytes read by fgets())
fp – file pointer used by fgets()
filename – file name associated with fp (may be a null pointer; then LAMMPS will try to detect)
error – pointer to Error class instance (for abort) or nullptr

void LAMMPS_NS::utils::sfread(const char *srcname, int srcline, void *s, size_t size, size_t num, FILE *fp, const char *filename, Error *error)¶

Safe wrapper around fread() which aborts on errors or EOF and prints a suitable error message to help debugging.

Use nullptr as the error parameter to avoid the abort on EOF or error.

Parameters

srcname – name of the calling source file (from FLERR macro)
srcline – line in the calling source file (from FLERR macro)
s – buffer for storing the result of fread()
size – size of data elements read by fread()
num – number of data elements read by fread()
fp – file pointer used by fread()
filename – file name associated with fp (may be a null pointer; then LAMMPS will try to detect)
error – pointer to Error class instance (for abort) or nullptr

char *LAMMPS_NS::utils::fgets_trunc(char *s, int size, FILE *fp)¶

Wrapper around fgets() which reads whole lines but truncates the data to the buffer size and ensures a newline char at the end.

This function is useful for reading line based text files with possible comments that should be parsed later. This applies to data files, potential files, atomfile variable files and so on. It is used instead of fgets() by utils::read_lines_from_file().

Parameters

s – buffer for storing the result of fgets()
size – size of buffer s (max number of bytes returned)
fp – file pointer used by fgets()

int LAMMPS_NS::utils::read_lines_from_file(FILE *fp, int nlines, int nmax, char *buffer, int me, MPI_Comm comm)¶

Read N lines of text from file into buffer and broadcast them

This function uses repeated calls to fread() to fill a buffer with newline terminated text. If a line does not end in a newline (e.g. at the end of a file), it is added. The caller has to allocate an nlines by nmax sized buffer for storing the text data. Reading is done by MPI rank 0 of the given communicator only, and thus only MPI rank 0 needs to provide a valid file pointer.

Parameters

fp – file pointer used by fread
nlines – number of lines to be read
nmax – maximum length of a single line
buffer – buffer for storing the data.
me – MPI rank of calling process in MPI communicator
comm – MPI communicator for broadcast

Returns

1 if the read was short, 0 if read was successful

4.13.2. String to number conversions with validity check¶

These functions should be used to convert strings to numbers. They are are strongly preferred over C library calls like atoi() or atof() since they check if the entire string is a valid (floating-point or integer) number, and will error out instead of silently returning the result of a partial conversion or zero in cases where the string is not a valid number. This behavior improves detecting typos or issues when processing input files.

Similarly the utils::logical() function will convert a string into a boolean and will only accept certain words.

The do_abort flag should be set to true in case this function is called only on a single MPI rank, as that will then trigger the a call to Error::one() for errors instead of Error::all() and avoids a “hanging” calculation when run in parallel.

Please also see utils::is_integer() and utils::is_double() for testing strings for compliance without conversion.

double LAMMPS_NS::utils::numeric(const char *file, int line, const std::string &str, bool do_abort, LAMMPS *lmp)¶

Convert a string to a floating point number while checking if it is a valid floating point or integer number

Parameters

file – name of source file for error message
line – line number in source file for error message
str – string to be converted to number
do_abort – determines whether to call Error::one() or Error::all()
lmp – pointer to top-level LAMMPS class instance

Returns

double precision floating point number

double LAMMPS_NS::utils::numeric(const char *file, int line, const char *str, bool do_abort, LAMMPS *lmp)¶

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It differs from the above function only in what argument(s) it accepts.

Parameters

file – name of source file for error message
line – line number in source file for error message
str – string to be converted to number
do_abort – determines whether to call Error::one() or Error::all()
lmp – pointer to top-level LAMMPS class instance

Returns

double precision floating point number

int LAMMPS_NS::utils::inumeric(const char *file, int line, const std::string &str, bool do_abort, LAMMPS *lmp)¶

Convert a string to an integer number while checking if it is a valid integer number (regular int)

Parameters

file – name of source file for error message
line – line number in source file for error message
str – string to be converted to number
do_abort – determines whether to call Error::one() or Error::all()
lmp – pointer to top-level LAMMPS class instance

Returns

integer number (regular int)

int LAMMPS_NS::utils::inumeric(const char *file, int line, const char *str, bool do_abort, LAMMPS *lmp)¶

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It differs from the above function only in what argument(s) it accepts.

Parameters

file – name of source file for error message
line – line number in source file for error message
str – string to be converted to number
do_abort – determines whether to call Error::one() or Error::all()
lmp – pointer to top-level LAMMPS class instance

Returns

double precision floating point number

bigint LAMMPS_NS::utils::bnumeric(const char *file, int line, const std::string &str, bool do_abort, LAMMPS *lmp)¶

Convert a string to an integer number while checking if it is a valid integer number (bigint)

Parameters

file – name of source file for error message
line – line number in source file for error message
str – string to be converted to number
do_abort – determines whether to call Error::one() or Error::all()
lmp – pointer to top-level LAMMPS class instance

Returns

integer number (bigint)

bigint LAMMPS_NS::utils::bnumeric(const char *file, int line, const char *str, bool do_abort, LAMMPS *lmp)¶

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It differs from the above function only in what argument(s) it accepts.

Parameters

file – name of source file for error message
line – line number in source file for error message
str – string to be converted to number
do_abort – determines whether to call Error::one() or Error::all()
lmp – pointer to top-level LAMMPS class instance

Returns

double precision floating point number

tagint LAMMPS_NS::utils::tnumeric(const char *file, int line, const std::string &str, bool do_abort, LAMMPS *lmp)¶

Convert a string to an integer number while checking if it is a valid integer number (tagint)

Parameters

file – name of source file for error message
line – line number in source file for error message
str – string to be converted to number
do_abort – determines whether to call Error::one() or Error::all()
lmp – pointer to top-level LAMMPS class instance

Returns

integer number (tagint)

tagint LAMMPS_NS::utils::tnumeric(const char *file, int line, const char *str, bool do_abort, LAMMPS *lmp)¶

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It differs from the above function only in what argument(s) it accepts.

Parameters

file – name of source file for error message
line – line number in source file for error message
str – string to be converted to number
do_abort – determines whether to call Error::one() or Error::all()
lmp – pointer to top-level LAMMPS class instance

Returns

double precision floating point number

int LAMMPS_NS::utils::logical(const char *file, int line, const std::string &str, bool do_abort, LAMMPS *lmp)¶

Convert a string to a boolean while checking whether it is a valid boolean term. Valid terms are ‘yes’, ‘no’, ‘true’, ‘false’, ‘on’, ‘off’, and ‘1’, ‘0’. Only lower case is accepted.

Parameters

file – name of source file for error message
line – line number in source file for error message
str – string to be converted to logical
do_abort – determines whether to call Error::one() or Error::all()
lmp – pointer to top-level LAMMPS class instance

Returns

1 if string resolves to “true”, otherwise 0

int LAMMPS_NS::utils::logical(const char *file, int line, const char *str, bool do_abort, LAMMPS *lmp)¶

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It differs from the above function only in what argument(s) it accepts.

Parameters

file – name of source file for error message
line – line number in source file for error message
str – string to be converted to logical
do_abort – determines whether to call Error::one() or Error::all()
lmp – pointer to top-level LAMMPS class instance

Returns

1 if string resolves to “true”, otherwise 0

4.13.3. String processing¶

The following are functions to help with processing strings and parsing files or arguments.

char *LAMMPS_NS::utils::strdup(const std::string &text)¶

Make C-style copy of string in new storage

This allocates a storage buffer and copies the C-style or C++ style string into it. The buffer is allocated with “new” and thus needs to be deallocated with “delete[]”.

Parameters: text – string that should be copied
Returns: new buffer with copy of string

std::string LAMMPS_NS::utils::lowercase(const std::string &line)¶

Convert string to lowercase

Parameters: line – string that should be converted
Returns: new string with all lowercase characters

std::string LAMMPS_NS::utils::uppercase(const std::string &line)¶

Convert string to uppercase

Parameters: line – string that should be converted
Returns: new string with all uppercase characters

std::string LAMMPS_NS::utils::trim(const std::string &line)¶

Trim leading and trailing whitespace. Like TRIM() in Fortran.

Parameters: line – string that should be trimmed
Returns: new string without whitespace (string)

std::string LAMMPS_NS::utils::trim_comment(const std::string &line)¶

Return string with anything from the first ‘#’ character onward removed

Parameters: line – string that should be trimmed
Returns: new string without comment (string)

std::string LAMMPS_NS::utils::star_subst(const std::string &name, bigint step, int pad)¶

Replace first ‘*’ character in a string with a number, optionally zero-padded

If there is no ‘*’ character in the string, return the original string. If the number requires more characters than the value of the pad argument, do not add zeros; otherwise add as many zeroes as needed to the left to make the the number representation pad characters wide.

Parameters

name – string with file containing a ‘*’ (or not)
step – step number to replace the (first) ‘*’
pad – zero-padding (may be zero)

Returns

processed string

inline bool LAMMPS_NS::utils::has_utf8(const std::string &line)¶

Check if a string will likely have UTF-8 encoded characters

UTF-8 uses the 7-bit standard ASCII table for the first 127 characters and all other characters are encoded as multiple bytes. For the multi-byte characters the first byte has either the highest two, three, or four bits set followed by a zero bit and followed by one, two, or three more bytes, respectively, where the highest bit is set and the second highest bit set to 0. The remaining bits combined are the character code, which is thus limited to 21-bits.

For the sake of efficiency this test only checks if a character in the string has the highest bit set and thus is very likely an UTF-8 character. It will not be able to tell this this is a valid UTF-8 character or whether it is a 2-byte, 3-byte, or 4-byte character.

See also: utils::utf8_subst()

Parameters: line – string that should be checked
Returns: true if string contains UTF-8 encoded characters (bool)

std::string LAMMPS_NS::utils::utf8_subst(const std::string &line)¶

Replace known UTF-8 characters with ASCII equivalents

See also: utils::has_utf8()

Parameters: line – string that should be converted
Returns: new string with ascii replacements (string)

size_t LAMMPS_NS::utils::count_words(const char *text)¶

Count words in C-string, ignore any whitespace matching ” \t\r\n\f”

Parameters: text – string that should be searched
Returns: number of words found

size_t LAMMPS_NS::utils::count_words(const std::string &text)¶

Count words in string, ignore any whitespace matching ” \t\r\n\f”

Parameters: text – string that should be searched
Returns: number of words found

size_t LAMMPS_NS::utils::count_words(const std::string &text, const std::string &separators)¶

Count words in string with custom choice of separating characters

Parameters

text – string that should be searched
separators – string containing characters that will be treated as whitespace

Returns

number of words found

size_t LAMMPS_NS::utils::trim_and_count_words(const std::string &text, const std::string &separators = " \t\r\n\f")¶

Count words in a single line, trim anything from ‘#’ onward

Parameters

text – string that should be trimmed and searched
separators – string containing characters that will be treated as whitespace

Returns

number of words found

std::vector<std::string> LAMMPS_NS::utils::split_words(const std::string &text)¶

Take text and split into non-whitespace words.

This can handle strings with single and double quotes, escaped quotes, and escaped codes within quotes, but due to using an STL container and STL strings is rather slow because of making copies. Designed for parsing command lines and similar text and not for time critical processing. Use a tokenizer class if performance matters.

See also: Tokenizer, ValueTokenizer

Parameters: text – string that should be split
Returns: STL vector with the words

std::vector<std::string> LAMMPS_NS::utils::split_lines(const std::string &text)¶

Take multi-line text and split into lines

Parameters: text – string that should be split
Returns: STL vector with the lines

bool LAMMPS_NS::utils::strmatch(const std::string &text, const std::string &pattern)¶

Match text against a simplified regex pattern

More flexible and specific matching of a string against a pattern. This function is supposed to be a more safe, more specific and simple to use API to find pattern matches. The purpose is to replace uses of either strncmp() or strstr() in the code base to find sub-strings safely. With strncmp() finding prefixes, the number of characters to match must be counted, which can lead to errors, while using “^pattern” will do the same with less problems. Matching for suffixes using strstr() is not as specific as ‘pattern$’, and complex matches, e.g. “^rigid.*\/small.*”, to match all small body optimized rigid fixes require only one test.

The use of std::string arguments allows for simple concatenation even with char * type variables. Example: utils::strmatch(text, std::string(“^”) + charptr)

Parameters

text – the text to be matched against the pattern
pattern – the search pattern, which may contain regexp markers

Returns

true if the pattern matches, false if not

std::string LAMMPS_NS::utils::strfind(const std::string &text, const std::string &pattern)¶

Find sub-string that matches a simplified regex pattern

This function is a companion function to utils::strmatch(). Arguments and logic is the same, but instead of a boolean, it returns the sub-string that matches the regex pattern. There can be only one match. This can be used as a more flexible alternative to strstr().

Parameters

text – the text to be matched against the pattern
pattern – the search pattern, which may contain regexp markers

Returns

the string that matches the pattern or an empty one

bool LAMMPS_NS::utils::is_integer(const std::string &str)¶

Check if string can be converted to valid integer

Parameters: str – string that should be checked
Returns: true, if string contains valid a integer, false otherwise

bool LAMMPS_NS::utils::is_double(const std::string &str)¶

Check if string can be converted to valid floating-point number

Parameters: str – string that should be checked
Returns: true, if string contains valid number, false otherwise

4.13.4. Potential file functions¶

std::string LAMMPS_NS::utils::get_potential_file_path(const std::string &path)¶

Determine full path of potential file. If file is not found in current directory, search directories listed in LAMMPS_POTENTIALS environment variable

Parameters: path – file path
Returns: full path to potential file

std::string LAMMPS_NS::utils::get_potential_date(const std::string &path, const std::string &potential_name)¶

Read potential file and return DATE field if it is present

Parameters

path – file path
potential_name – name of potential that is being read

Returns

DATE field if present

std::string LAMMPS_NS::utils::get_potential_units(const std::string &path, const std::string &potential_name)¶

Read potential file and return UNITS field if it is present

Parameters

path – file path
potential_name – name of potential that is being read

Returns

UNITS field if present

int LAMMPS_NS::utils::get_supported_conversions(const int property)¶

Return bitmask of available conversion factors for a given property

Parameters: property – property to be converted
Returns: bitmask indicating available conversions

double LAMMPS_NS::utils::get_conversion_factor(const int property, const int conversion)¶

Return unit conversion factor for given property and selected from/to units

Parameters

property – property to be converted
conversion – constant indicating the conversion

Returns

conversion factor

FILE *LAMMPS_NS::utils::open_potential(const std::string &name, LAMMPS *lmp, int *auto_convert)¶

Open a potential file as specified by name

If opening the file directly fails, the function will search for it in the list of folder pointed to by the environment variable LAMMPS_POTENTIALS (if it is set).

If the potential file has a UNITS tag in the first line, the tag’s value is compared to the current unit style setting. The behavior of the function then depends on the value of the auto_convert parameter. If it is a null pointer, then the unit values must match or else the open will fail with an error. Otherwise the bitmask that auto_convert points to is used check for compatibility with possible automatic conversions by the calling function. If compatible, the bitmask is set to the required conversion or utils::NOCONVERT.

Parameters

name – file- or pathname of the potential file
lmp – pointer to top-level LAMMPS class instance
auto_convert – pointer to unit conversion bitmask or nullptr

Returns

FILE pointer of the opened potential file or nullptr

4.13.5. Argument processing¶

template<typename TYPE> void LAMMPS_NS::utils::bounds(const char *file, int line, const std::string &str, bigint nmin, bigint nmax, TYPE &nlo, TYPE &nhi, Error *error)¶

Compute index bounds derived from a string with a possible wildcard

This functions processes the string in str and set the values of nlo and nhi according to the following five cases:

a single number, i: nlo = i; nhi = i;
a single asterisk, *: nlo = nmin; nhi = nmax;
a single number followed by an asterisk, i*: nlo = i; nhi = nmax;
a single asterisk followed by a number, *i: nlo = nmin; nhi = i;
two numbers with an asterisk in between. i*j: nlo = i; nhi = j;

Parameters

file – name of source file for error message
line – line number in source file for error message
str – string to be processed
nmin – smallest possible lower bound
nmax – largest allowed upper bound
nlo – lower bound
nhi – upper bound
error – pointer to Error class for out-of-bounds messages

int LAMMPS_NS::utils::expand_args(const char *file, int line, int narg, char **arg, int mode, char **&earg, LAMMPS *lmp)¶

Expand list of arguments when containing fix/compute wildcards

This function searches the list of arguments in arg for strings of the kind c_ID[*] or f_ID[*] referring to computes or fixes. Any such strings are replaced by one or more strings with the ‘*’ character replaced by the corresponding possible numbers as determined from the fix or compute instance. Other strings are just copied. If the mode parameter is set to 0, expand global vectors, but not global arrays; if it is set to 1, expand global arrays (by column) but not global vectors.

If any expansion happens, the earg list and all its strings are new allocations and must be freed explicitly by the caller. Otherwise arg and earg will point to the same address and no explicit de-allocation is needed by the caller.

Parameters

file – name of source file for error message
line – line number in source file for error message
narg – number of arguments in current list
arg – argument list, possibly containing wildcards
mode – select between global vectors(=0) and arrays (=1)
earg – new argument list with wildcards expanded
lmp – pointer to top-level LAMMPS class instance

Returns

number of arguments in expanded list

4.13.6. Convenience functions¶

template<typename S, typename ...Args> void LAMMPS_NS::utils::logmesg(LAMMPS *lmp, const S &format, Args&&... args)¶

Send formatted message to screen and logfile, if available

This function simplifies the repetitive task of outputting some message to both the screen and/or the log file. The template wrapper with fmtlib format and argument processing allows this function to work similar to fmt::print().

Parameters

lmp – pointer to LAMMPS class instance
format – format string of message to be printed
args – arguments to format string

void LAMMPS_NS::utils::logmesg(LAMMPS *lmp, const std::string &mesg)¶

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It differs from the above function only in what argument(s) it accepts.

Parameters

lmp – pointer to LAMMPS class instance
mesg – string with message to be printed

std::string LAMMPS_NS::utils::errorurl(int errorcode)¶

Return text redirecting the user to a specific paragraph in the manual

The LAMMPS manual contains detailed detailed explanations for errors and warnings where a simple error message may not be sufficient. These can be reached through URLs with a numeric code. This function creates the corresponding text to be included into the error message that redirects the user to that URL.

Parameters: errorcode – number pointing to a paragraph in the manual

void LAMMPS_NS::utils::missing_cmd_args(const std::string &file, int line, const std::string &cmd, Error *error)¶

Print error message about missing arguments for command

This function simplifies the repetitive reporting missing arguments to a command.

Parameters

file – name of source file for error message
line – line number in source file for error message
cmd – name of the failing command
error – pointer to Error class instance (for abort) or nullptr

void LAMMPS_NS::utils::flush_buffers(LAMMPS *lmp)¶

Flush output buffers

This function calls fflush() on screen and logfile FILE pointers if available and thus tells the operating system to output all currently buffered data. This is local operation and independent from buffering by a file system or an MPI library.

std::string LAMMPS_NS::utils::getsyserror()¶

Return a string representing the current system error status

This is a wrapper around calling strerror(errno).

Returns: error string

std::string LAMMPS_NS::utils::check_packages_for_style(const std::string &style, const std::string &name, LAMMPS *lmp)¶

Report if a requested style is in a package or may have a typo

Parameters

style – type of style that is to be checked for
name – name of style that was not found
lmp – pointer to top-level LAMMPS class instance

Returns

string usable for error messages

double LAMMPS_NS::utils::timespec2seconds(const std::string &timespec)¶

Convert a time string to seconds

The strings “off” and “unlimited” result in -1

Parameters: timespec – a string in the following format: ([[HH:]MM:]SS)
Returns: total in seconds

int LAMMPS_NS::utils::date2num(const std::string &date)¶

Convert a LAMMPS version date to a number

This will generate a number YYYYMMDD from a date string (with or without blanks) that is suitable for numerical comparisons, i.e. later dates will generate a larger number.

The day may or may not have a leading zero, the month is identified by the first 3 letters (so there may be more) and the year may be 2 or 4 digits (the missing 2 digits will be assumed as 20. That is 04 corresponds to 2004).

No check is made whether the date is valid.

Parameters: date – string in the format (Day Month Year)
Returns: date code

std::string LAMMPS_NS::utils::current_date()¶

Return current date as string

This will generate a string containing the current date in YYYY-MM-DD format.

Returns: string with current date

4.13.7. Customized standard functions¶

int LAMMPS_NS::utils::binary_search(const double needle, const int n, const double *haystack)¶

Binary search in a vector of ascending doubles of length N

If the value is smaller than the smallest value in the vector, 0 is returned. If the value is larger or equal than the largest value in the vector, N-1 is returned. Otherwise the index that satisfies the condition

haystack[index] <= value < haystack[index+1]

is returned, i.e. a value from 1 to N-2. Note that if there are tied values in the haystack, always the larger index is returned as only that satisfied the condition.

Parameters

needle – search value for which are are looking for the closest index
n – size of the haystack array
haystack – array with data in ascending order.

Returns

index of value in the haystack array smaller or equal to needle

void LAMMPS_NS::utils::merge_sort(int *index, int num, void *ptr, int (*comp)(int, int, void*))¶

Custom merge sort implementation

This function provides a custom upward hybrid merge sort implementation with support to pass an opaque pointer to the comparison function, e.g. for access to class members. This avoids having to use global variables. For improved performance, it uses an in-place insertion sort on initial chunks of up to 64 elements and switches to merge sort from then on.

Parameters

index – Array with indices to be sorted
num – Length of the index array
ptr – Pointer to opaque object passed to comparison function
comp – Pointer to comparison function

4.14. Special Math functions¶

The MathSpecial namespace implements a selection of custom and optimized mathematical functions for a variety of applications.

double LAMMPS_NS::MathSpecial::factorial(const int n)¶

Fast tabulated factorial function

This function looks up pre-computed factorial values for arguments of n = 0 to a maximum of 167, which is the maximal value representable by a double precision floating point number. For other values of n a NaN value is returned.

Parameters: n – argument (valid: 0 <= n <= 167)
Returns: value of n! as double precision number or NaN

double LAMMPS_NS::MathSpecial::exp2_x86(double x)¶

Fast implementation of 2^x without argument checks for little endian CPUs

This function implements an optimized version of pow(2.0, x) that does not check for valid arguments and thus may only be used where arguments are well behaved. The implementation makes assumptions about the layout of double precision floating point numbers in memory and thus will only work on little endian CPUs. If little endian cannot be safely detected, the result of calling pow(2.0, x) will be returned. This function also is the basis for the fast exponential fm_exp(x).

Parameters: x – argument
Returns: value of 2^x as double precision number

double LAMMPS_NS::MathSpecial::fm_exp(double x)¶

Fast implementation of exp(x) for little endian CPUs

This function implements an optimized version of exp(x) for little endian CPUs. It calls the exp2_x86(x) function with a suitable prefactor to x to return exp(x). The implementation makes assumptions about the layout of double precision floating point numbers in memory and thus will only work on little endian CPUs. If little endian cannot be safely detected, the result of calling the exp(x) implementation in the standard math library will be returned.

Parameters: x – argument
Returns: value of e^x as double precision number

static inline double LAMMPS_NS::MathSpecial::my_erfcx(const double x)¶

Fast scaled error function complement exp(x*x)*erfc(x) for coul/long styles

This is a portable fast implementation of exp(x*x)*erfc(x) that can be used in coul/long pair styles as a replacement for the polynomial expansion that is/was widely used. Unlike the polynomial expansion, that is only accurate at the level of single precision floating point it provides full double precision accuracy, but at comparable speed (unlike the erfc() implementation shipped with GNU standard math library).

Parameters: x – argument
Returns: value of e^(x*x)*erfc(x)

static inline double LAMMPS_NS::MathSpecial::expmsq(double x)¶

Fast implementation of exp(-x*x) for little endian CPUs for coul/long styles

This function implements an optimized version of exp(-x*x) based on exp2_x86() for use with little endian CPUs. If little endian cannot be safely detected, the result of calling the exp(-x*x) implementation in the standard math library will be returned.

Parameters: x – argument
Returns: value of e^(-x*x) as double precision number

static inline double LAMMPS_NS::MathSpecial::square(const double &x)¶

Fast inline version of pow(x, 2.0)

Parameters: x – argument
Returns: x*x

static inline double LAMMPS_NS::MathSpecial::cube(const double &x)¶

Fast inline version of pow(x, 3.0)

Parameters: x – argument
Returns: x*x

static inline double LAMMPS_NS::MathSpecial::powsign(const int n)¶

static inline double LAMMPS_NS::MathSpecial::powint(const double &x, const int n)¶

static inline double LAMMPS_NS::MathSpecial::powsinxx(const double &x, int n)¶

4.15. Tokenizer classes¶

The purpose of the tokenizer classes is to simplify the recurring task of breaking lines of text down into words and/or numbers. Traditionally, LAMMPS code would be using the strtok() function from the C library for that purpose, but that function has two significant disadvantages: 1) it cannot be used concurrently from different LAMMPS instances since it stores its status in a global variable and 2) it modifies the string that it is processing. These classes were implemented to avoid both of these issues and also to reduce the amount of code that needs to be written.

The basic procedure is to create an instance of the tokenizer class with the string to be processed as an argument and then do a loop until all available tokens are read. The constructor has a default set of separator characters, but that can be overridden. The default separators are all “whitespace” characters, i.e. the space character, the tabulator character, the carriage return character, the linefeed character, and the form feed character.

Tokenizer class example listing entries of the PATH environment variable¶

#include "tokenizer.h"
#include <cstdlib>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>

using namespace LAMMPS_NS;

int main(int, char **)
{
    const char *path = getenv("PATH");

    if (path != nullptr) {
        Tokenizer p(path,":");
        while (p.has_next())
            std::cout << "Entry: " << p.next() << "\n";
    }
    return 0;
}

Most tokenizer operations cannot fail except for LAMMPS_NS::Tokenizer::next() (when used without first checking with LAMMPS_NS::Tokenizer::has_next()) and LAMMPS_NS::Tokenizer::skip(). In case of failure, the class will throw an exception, so you may need to wrap the code using the tokenizer into a try / catch block to handle errors. The LAMMPS_NS::ValueTokenizer class may also throw an exception when a (type of) number is requested as next token that is not compatible with the string representing the next word.

ValueTokenizer class example with exception handling¶

#include "tokenizer.h"
#include <cstdlib>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>

using namespace LAMMPS_NS;

int main(int, char **)
{
    const char *text = "1 2 3 4 5 20.0 21 twentytwo 2.3";
    double num1(0),num2(0),num3(0),num4(0);

    ValueTokenizer t(text);
    // read 4 doubles after skipping over 5 numbers
    try {
        t.skip(5);
        num1 = t.next_double();
        num2 = t.next_double();
        num3 = t.next_double();
        num4 = t.next_double();
    } catch (TokenizerException &e) {
        std::cout << "Reading numbers failed: " << e.what() << "\n";
    }
    std::cout << "Values: " << num1 << " " << num2 << " " << num3 << " " << num4 << "\n";
    return 0;
}

This code example should produce the following output:

Reading numbers failed: Not a valid floating-point number: 'twentytwo'
Values: 20 21 0 0

class LAMMPS_NS::Tokenizer¶

Public Functions

Tokenizer(std::string str, std::string separators = TOKENIZER_DEFAULT_SEPARATORS)¶

Class for splitting text into words

This tokenizer will break down a string into sub-strings (i.e words) separated by the given separator characters. If the string contains certain known UTF-8 characters they will be replaced by their ASCII equivalents processing the string.

See also: ValueTokenizer, utils::split_words(), utils::utf8_subst()

Parameters

str – string to be processed
_separators – string with separator characters (default: ” \t\r\n\f”)

void reset()¶: Re-position the tokenizer state to the first word, i.e. the first non-separator character

void skip(int n = 1)¶

Skip over a given number of tokens

Parameters: n – number of tokens to skip over

bool has_next() const¶

Indicate whether more tokens are available

Returns: true if there are more tokens, false if not

bool contains(const std::string &str) const¶

Search the text to be processed for a sub-string.

Parameters: str – string to be searched for
Returns: true if string was found, false if not

std::string next()¶

Retrieve next token.

Returns: string with the next token

size_t count()¶

Count number of tokens in text.

Returns: number of counted tokens

std::vector<std::string> as_vector()¶

Retrieve the entire text converted to an STL vector of tokens.

Returns: The STL vector

class LAMMPS_NS::TokenizerException : public exception¶

General Tokenizer exception class

Subclassed by InvalidFloatException, InvalidIntegerException

Public Functions

explicit TokenizerException(const std::string &msg, const std::string &token)¶

Thrown during retrieving or skipping tokens

Parameters

msg – String with error message
token – String of the token/word that caused the error

inline const char *what() const noexcept override¶

Retrieve message describing the thrown exception

Returns: string with error message

class LAMMPS_NS::ValueTokenizer¶

Public Functions

ValueTokenizer(const std::string &str, const std::string &separators = TOKENIZER_DEFAULT_SEPARATORS)¶

Class for reading text with numbers

See also: Tokenizer

4.16. Argument parsing classes¶

The purpose of argument parsing classes it to simplify and unify how arguments of commands in LAMMPS are parsed and to make abstractions of repetitive tasks.

The LAMMPS_NS::ArgInfo class provides an abstraction for parsing references to compute or fix styles, variables or custom integer or double properties handled by fix property/atom. These would start with a “c_”, “f_”, “v_”, “d_”, “d2_”, “i_”, or “i2_” followed by the ID or name of than instance and may be postfixed with one or two array indices “[<number>]” with numbers > 0.

A typical code segment would look like this:

Usage example for ArgInfo class¶

int nvalues = 0;
for (iarg = 0; iarg < nargnew; iarg++) {
  ArgInfo argi(arg[iarg]);

  which[nvalues] = argi.get_type();
  argindex[nvalues] = argi.get_index1();
  ids[nvalues] = argi.copy_name();

  if ((which[nvalues] == ArgInfo::UNKNOWN)
       || (which[nvalues] == ArgInfo::NONE)
       || (argi.get_dim() > 1))
    error->all(FLERR,"Illegal compute XXX command");

  nvalues++;
}

class LAMMPS_NS::ArgInfo¶

Public Types

enum ArgTypes¶

constants for argument types

Values:

enumerator ERROR¶

enumerator UNKNOWN¶

enumerator NONE¶

enumerator X¶

enumerator V¶

enumerator F¶

enumerator COMPUTE¶

enumerator FIX¶

enumerator VARIABLE¶

enumerator KEYWORD¶

enumerator TYPE¶

enumerator MOLECULE¶

enumerator DNAME¶

enumerator INAME¶

enumerator DENSITY_NUMBER¶

enumerator DENSITY_MASS¶

enumerator MASS¶

enumerator TEMPERATURE¶

enumerator BIN1D¶

enumerator BIN2D¶

enumerator BIN3D¶

enumerator BINSPHERE¶

enumerator BINCYLINDER¶

Public Functions

ArgInfo(const std::string &arg, int allowed = COMPUTE | FIX | VARIABLE)¶

Class for processing references to fixes, computes and variables

This class provides an abstraction for the repetitive task of parsing arguments that may contain references to fixes, computes, variables, or custom per-atom properties. It will identify the name and the index value in the first and second dimension, if present.

Parameters

arg – string with possible reference
allowed – integer with bitmap of allowed types of references

inline int get_type() const¶

get type of reference

Return a type constant for the reference. This may be either COMPUTE, FIX, VARIABLE (if not restricted to a subset of those by the “allowed” argument of the constructor) or NONE, if it if not a recognized or allowed reference, or UNKNOWN, in case some error happened identifying or parsing the values of the indices

Returns: integer with a constant from ArgTypes enumerator

inline int get_dim() const¶

get dimension of reference

This will return either 0, 1, 2 depending on whether the reference has no, one or two “[{number}]” postfixes.

Returns: integer with the dimensionality of the reference

inline int get_index1() const¶

get index of first dimension

This will return the number in the first “[{number}]” postfix or 0 if there is no postfix.

Returns: integer with index or the postfix or 0

inline int get_index2() const¶

get index of second dimension

This will return the number in the second “[{number}]” postfix or -1 if there is no second postfix.

Returns: integer with index of the postfix or -1

inline const char *get_name() const¶

return reference to the ID or name of the reference

This string is pointing to an internal storage element and is only valid to use while the ArgInfo class instance is in scope. If you need a long-lived string make a copy with copy_name().

Returns: C-style char * string

char *copy_name()¶

make copy of the ID of the reference as C-style string

The ID is copied into a buffer allocated with “new” and thus must be later deleted with “delete []” to avoid a memory leak. Because it is a full copy in a newly allocated buffer, the lifetime of this string extends beyond the the time the ArgInfo class is in scope.

Returns: copy of string as char *

4.17. File reader classes¶

The purpose of the file reader classes is to simplify the recurring task of reading and parsing files. They can use the ValueTokenizer class to process the read in text. The TextFileReader is a more general version while PotentialFileReader is specialized to implement the behavior expected for looking up and reading/parsing files with potential parameters in LAMMPS. The potential file reader class requires a LAMMPS instance, requires to be run on MPI rank 0 only, will use the utils::get_potential_file_path function to look up and open the file, and will call the LAMMPS_NS::Error class in case of failures to read or to convert numbers, so that LAMMPS will be aborted.

Use of PotentialFileReader class in pair style coul/streitz¶

 PotentialFileReader reader(lmp, file, "coul/streitz");
 char * line;

 while((line = reader.next_line(NPARAMS_PER_LINE))) {
   try {
     ValueTokenizer values(line);
     std::string iname = values.next_string();

     int ielement;
     for (ielement = 0; ielement < nelements; ielement++)
       if (iname == elements[ielement]) break;

     if (nparams == maxparam) {
       maxparam += DELTA;
       params = (Param *) memory->srealloc(params,maxparam*sizeof(Param),
                                           "pair:params");
     }

     params[nparams].ielement = ielement;
     params[nparams].chi = values.next_double();
     params[nparams].eta = values.next_double();
     params[nparams].gamma = values.next_double();
     params[nparams].zeta = values.next_double();
     params[nparams].zcore = values.next_double();

   } catch (TokenizerException & e) {
     error->one(FLERR, e.what());
   }
   nparams++;
 }

A file that would be parsed by the reader code fragment looks like this:

# DATE: 2015-02-19 UNITS: metal CONTRIBUTOR: Ray Shan CITATION: Streitz and Mintmire, Phys Rev B, 50, 11996-12003 (1994)
#
# X (eV)                J (eV)          gamma (1/AA)   zeta (1/AA)    Z (e)

Al      0.000000        10.328655       0.000000        0.968438        0.763905
O       5.484763        14.035715       0.000000        2.143957        0.000000

class LAMMPS_NS::TextFileReader¶

Public Functions

TextFileReader(const std::string &filename, const std::string &filetype)¶

Class for reading and parsing text files

The value of the class member variable ignore_comments controls whether any text following the pound sign (#) should be ignored (true) or not (false). Default: true, i.e. ignore.

See also: TextFileReader

Parameters

filename – Name of file to be read
filetype – Description of file type for error messages

TextFileReader(FILE *fp, std::string filetype)¶

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It differs from the above function only in what argument(s) it accepts.

This function is useful in combination with utils::open_potential().

Note

The FILE pointer is not closed in the destructor, but will be advanced when reading from it.

Parameters

fp – File descriptor of the already opened file
filetype – Description of file type for error messages

virtual ~TextFileReader()¶: Closes the file

void set_bufsize(int)¶: adjust line buffer size

void rewind()¶: Reset file to the beginning

void skip_line()¶: Read the next line and ignore it

char *next_line(int nparams = 0)¶

Read the next line(s) until nparams words have been read.

This reads a line and counts the words in it, if the number is less than the requested number, it will read the next line, as well. Output will be a string with all read lines combined. The purpose is to somewhat replicate the reading behavior of formatted files in Fortran.

If the ignore_comments class member has the value true, then any text read in is truncated at the first ‘#’ character.

Parameters: nparams – Number of words that must be read. Default: 0
Returns: String with the concatenated text

void next_dvector(double *list, int n)¶

Read lines until n doubles have been read and stored in array list

This reads lines from the file using the next_line() function, and splits them into floating-point numbers using the ValueTokenizer class and stores the number is the provided list.

Parameters

list – Pointer to array with suitable storage for n doubles
n – Number of doubles to be read

ValueTokenizer next_values(int nparams, const std::string &separators = TOKENIZER_DEFAULT_SEPARATORS)¶

Read text until nparams words are read and passed to a tokenizer object for custom parsing.

This reads lines from the file using the next_line() function, and splits them into floating-point numbers using the ValueTokenizer class and stores the number is the provided list.

Parameters

nparams – Number of words to be read
separators – String with list of separators.

Returns

ValueTokenizer object for read in text

Public Members

bool ignore_comments¶: Controls whether comments are ignored.

class LAMMPS_NS::PotentialFileReader : protected Pointers ¶

Public Functions

PotentialFileReader(class LAMMPS *lmp, const std::string &filename, const std::string &potential_name, const std::string &name_suffix, const int auto_convert = 0)¶

Class for reading and parsing LAMMPS potential files

The value of the class member variable ignore_comments controls whether any text following the pound sign (#) should be ignored (true) or not (false). Default: true, i.e. ignore.

See also: TextFileReader

Parameters

lmp – Pointer to LAMMPS instance
filename – Name of file to be read
potential_name – Name of potential style for error messages
name_suffix – Suffix added to potential name in error messages
auto_convert – Bitmask of supported unit conversions

~PotentialFileReader() override¶: Closes the file

void ignore_comments(bool value)¶

Set comment (= text after ‘#’) handling preference for the file to be read

Parameters: value – Comment text is ignored if true, or not if false

void rewind()¶: Reset file to the beginning

void skip_line()¶: Read a line but ignore its content

char *next_line(int nparams = 0)¶

Read the next line(s) until nparams words have been read.

This reads a line and counts the words in it, if the number is less than the requested number, it will read the next line, as well. Output will be a string with all read lines combined. The purpose is to somewhat replicate the reading behavior of formatted files in Fortran.

Parameters: nparams – Number of words that must be read. Default: 0
Returns: String with the concatenated text

void next_dvector(double *list, int n)¶

Read lines until n doubles have been read and stored in array list

This reads lines from the file using the next_line() function, and splits them into floating-point numbers using the ValueTokenizer class and stores the number is the provided list.

Parameters

list – Pointer to array with suitable storage for n doubles
n – Number of doubles to be read

ValueTokenizer next_values(int nparams, const std::string &separators = TOKENIZER_DEFAULT_SEPARATORS)¶

Read text until nparams words are read and passed to a tokenizer object for custom parsing.

This reads lines from the file using the next_line() function, and splits them into floating-point numbers using the ValueTokenizer class and stores the number is the provided list.

Parameters

nparams – Number of words to be read
separators – String with list of separators.

Returns

ValueTokenizer object for read in text

double next_double()¶

Read next line and convert first word to a double

Returns: Value of first word in line as double

int next_int()¶

Read next line and convert first word to an int

Returns: Value of first word in line as int

tagint next_tagint()¶

Read next line and convert first word to a tagint

Returns: Value of first word in line as tagint

bigint next_bigint()¶

Read next line and convert first word to a bigint

Returns: Value of first word in line as bigint

std::string next_string()¶

4.18. Memory pool classes¶

The memory pool classes are used for cases where otherwise many small memory allocations would be needed and where the data would be either all used or all freed. One example for that is the storage of neighbor lists. The memory management strategy is based on the assumption that allocations will be in chunks of similar sizes. The allocation is then not done per individual call for a reserved chunk of memory, but for a “page” that can hold multiple chunks of data. A parameter for the maximum chunk size must be provided, as that is used to determine whether a new page of memory must be used.

The MyPage class offers two ways to reserve a chunk: 1) with MyPage::get() the chunk size needs to be known in advance, 2) with MyPage::vget() a pointer to the next chunk is returned, but its size is registered later with MyPage::vgot().

Example of using MyPage¶

   #include "my_page.h"
   using namespace LAMMPS_NS;

   MyPage<double> *dpage = new MyPage<double>;
   // max size of chunk: 256, size of page: 10240 doubles (=81920 bytes)
   dpage->init(256,10240);

   double **build_some_lists(int num)
   {
       dpage->reset();
       double **dlist = new double*[num];
       for (int i=0; i < num; ++i) {
           double *dptr = dpage.vget();
           int jnum = 0;
           for (int j=0; j < jmax; ++j) {
               // compute some dvalue for eligible loop index j
               dptr[j] = dvalue;
               ++jnum;
           }
           if (dpage.status() != 0) {
               // handle out of memory or jnum too large errors
           }
           dpage.vgot(jnum);
           dlist[i] = dptr;
       }
       return dlist;
   }

template<class T> class LAMMPS_NS::MyPage¶

Templated class for storing chunks of datums in pages.

The size of the chunk may vary from call to call, but must be less or equal than the maxchunk setting. The chunks are not returnable like with malloc() (i.e. you cannot call free() on them individually). One can only reset and start over. The purpose of this class is to replace many small memory allocations via malloc() with a few large ones. Since the pages are never freed until the class is re-initialized, they can be re-used without having to re-allocate them by calling the reset() method.

The settings maxchunk, pagesize, and pagedelta control the memory allocation strategy. The maxchunk value represents the expected largest number of items per chunk. If there is less space left on the current page, a new page is allocated for the next chunk. The pagesize value represents how many items can fit on a single page. It should have space for multiple chunks of size maxchunk. The combination of these two parameters determines how much memory is wasted by either switching to the next page too soon or allocating too large pages that never get properly used. It is an error, if a requested chunk is larger than maxchunk. The pagedelta parameter determines how many pages are allocated in one go. In combination with the pagesize setting, this determines how often blocks of memory get allocated (fewer allocations will result in faster execution).

Note

This is a template class with explicit instantiation. If the class is used with a new data type a new explicit instantiation may need to be added at the end of the file src/my_page.cpp to avoid symbol lookup errors.

Public Functions

MyPage()¶

Create a class instance

Need to call init() before use to define allocation settings

int init(int user_maxchunk = 1, int user_pagesize = 1024, int user_pagedelta = 1)¶

(Re-)initialize the set of pages and allocation parameters.

This also frees all previously allocated storage and allocates the first page(s).

Parameters

user_maxchunk – Expected maximum number of items for one chunk
user_pagesize – Number of items on a single memory page
user_pagedelta – Number of pages to allocate with one malloc

Returns

1 if there were invalid parameters, 2 if there was an allocation error or 0 if successful

T *get(int n = 1)¶

Pointer to location that can store N items.

This will allocate more pages as needed. If the parameter N is larger than the maxchunk setting an error is flagged.

Parameters: n – number of items for which storage is requested
Returns: memory location or null pointer, if error or allocation failed

inline T *vget()¶

Get pointer to location that can store maxchunk items.

This will return the same pointer as the previous call to this function unless vgot() is called afterwards to record how many items of the chunk were actually used.

Returns: pointer to chunk of memory or null pointer if run out of memory

inline void vgot(int n)¶

Mark N items as used of the chunk reserved with a preceding call to vget().

This will advance the internal pointer inside the current memory page. It is not necessary to call this function for N = 0, that is the reserved storage was not used. A following call to vget() will then reserve the same location again. It is an error if N > maxchunk.

Parameters: n – Number of items used in previously reserved chunk

void reset()¶: Reset state of memory pool without freeing any memory

inline double size() const¶

Return total size of allocated pages

Returns: total storage used in bytes

inline int status() const¶

Return error status

Returns: 0 if no error, 1 requested chunk size > maxchunk, 2 if malloc failed

template<class T> class LAMMPS_NS::MyPoolChunk¶

Templated class for storing chunks of datums in pages.

The size of the chunk may vary from call to call between the minchunk and maxchunk setting. Chunks may be returned to the pool for re-use. Chunks can be reserved in nbin different sizes between minchunk and maxchunk. The chunksperpage setting specifies how many chunks are stored on any page and the pagedelta setting determines how many pages are allocated in one go. Pages are never freed, so they can be re-used without re-allocation.

Note

This is a template class with explicit instantiation. If the class is used with a new data type a new explicit instantiation may need to be added at the end of the file src/my_pool_chunk.cpp to avoid symbol lookup errors.

Public Functions

MyPoolChunk(int user_minchunk = 1, int user_maxchunk = 1, int user_nbin = 1, int user_chunkperpage = 1024, int user_pagedelta = 1)¶

Create a class instance and set memory pool parameters

Parameters

user_minchunk – Minimal chunk size
user_maxchunk – Maximal chunk size
user_nbin – Number of bins of different chunk sizes
user_chunkperpage – Number of chunks per page
user_pagedelta – Number of pages to allocate in one go

~MyPoolChunk()¶: Destroy class instance and free all allocated memory

T *get(int &index)¶

Return pointer/index of unused chunk of size maxchunk

Parameters: index – Index of chunk in memory pool
Returns: Pointer to requested chunk of storage

T *get(int n, int &index)¶

Return pointer/index of unused chunk of size N

Parameters

n – Size of chunk
index – Index of chunk in memory pool

Returns

Pointer to requested chunk of storage

void put(int index)¶

Put indexed chunk back into memory pool via free list

Parameters: index – Memory chunk index returned by call to get()

double size() const¶

Return total size of allocated pages

Returns: total storage used in bytes

inline int status() const¶

Return error status

Returns: 0 if no error, 1 if invalid input, 2 if malloc() failed, 3 if chunk > maxchunk

4.19. Eigensolver functions¶

The MathEigen sub-namespace of the LAMMPS_NS namespace contains functions and classes for eigensolvers. Currently only the jacobi3 function is used in various places in LAMMPS. That function is built on top of a group of more generic eigensolvers that are maintained in the math_eigen_impl.h header file. This header contains the implementation of three template classes:

“Jacobi” calculates all of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a dense, symmetric, real matrix.
The “PEigenDense” class only calculates the principal eigenvalue (ie. the largest or smallest eigenvalue), and its corresponding eigenvector. However it is much more efficient than “Jacobi” when applied to large matrices (larger than 13x13). PEigenDense also can understand complex-valued Hermitian matrices.
The “LambdaLanczos” class is a generalization of “PEigenDense” which can be applied to arbitrary sparse matrices.

The “math_eigen_impl.h” code is an amalgamation of jacobi_pd by Andrew Jewett at Scripps Research (under CC0-1.0 license) and Lambda Lanczos by Yuya Kurebayashi at Tohoku University (under MIT license)

int MathEigen::jacobi3(double const *const *mat, double *eval, double **evec)¶

A specialized function which finds the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a 3x3 matrix (in double ** format).

Parameters

mat – the 3x3 matrix you wish to diagonalize
eval – store the eigenvalues here
evec – store the eigenvectors here…

Returns

0 if eigenvalue calculation converged, 1 if it failed

int MathEigen::jacobi3(double const mat[3][3], double *eval, double evec[3][3])¶: This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It differs from the above function only in what argument(s) it accepts.

4.20. Communication buffer coding with ubuf¶

LAMMPS uses communication buffers where it collects data from various class instances and then exchanges the data with neighboring sub-domains. For simplicity those buffers are defined as double buffers and used for doubles and integer numbers. This presents a unique problem when 64-bit integers are used. While the storage needed for a double is also 64-bit, it cannot be used by a simple assignment. To get around that limitation, LAMMPS uses the ubuf union. It is used in the various “pack” and “unpack” functions in the LAMMPS classes to store and retrieve integers that may be 64-bit from the communication buffers.

union LAMMPS_NS::ubuf¶

#include <lmptype.h>

Data structure for packing 32-bit and 64-bit integers into double (communication) buffers

Using this union avoids aliasing issues by having member types (double, int) referencing the same buffer memory location.

The explicit constructor for 32-bit integers prevents compilers from (incorrectly) calling the double constructor when storing an int into a double buffer.

Usage:

To copy an integer into a double buffer:¶

double buf[2];
int    foo =   1;
tagint bar = 2<<40;
buf[1] = ubuf(foo).d;
buf[2] = ubuf(bar).d;

To copy from a double buffer back to an int:¶

foo = (int)    ubuf(buf[1]).i;
bar = (tagint) ubuf(buf[2]).i;

The typecasts prevent compiler warnings about possible truncation issues.

Public Functions

inline ubuf(const double &arg)¶

inline ubuf(const int64_t &arg)¶

inline ubuf(const int &arg)¶

Public Members

double d¶

int64_t i¶